What clinical features in a patient with floaters and flashes should prompt immediate referral to ophthalmology for suspected retinal detachment?

Patients presenting with floaters and flashes should be referred immediately to ophthalmology if they exhibit clinical features suggestive of retinal tear or detachment. Key features prompting urgent referral include:

• Sudden onset of numerous floaters, especially if increasing in number, indicating vitreous haemorrhage or posterior vitreous detachment which can precede retinal tears ¹.
• Flashes of light (photopsia), particularly if persistent or increasing, which suggest vitreoretinal traction and risk of retinal break ¹.
• A curtain or shadow effect over part of the visual field, representing a retinal detachment causing visual field defect (a shadow or veil moving across vision) ¹.
• Reduced visual acuity or visual field loss accompanying floaters and flashes, indicating possible macular involvement or extensive detachment ¹.
• Presence of vitreous or preretinal haemorrhage on examination, which is a high-risk sign for retinal detachment ¹.
• History of recent ocular trauma or previous retinal detachment, increasing the risk of new detachment ¹.

These clinical features align with the risk factors identified in the literature, where acute-onset floaters and flashes combined with visual field defects or decreased vision strongly predict retinal detachment requiring urgent ophthalmic assessment (Hollands et al., 2009). Immediate referral is critical to prevent permanent vision loss, as retinal detachment can progress rapidly and once lost, vision cannot be restored ¹ (Hollands et al., 2009).