What are the indications for urgent referral to a specialist in cases of status epilepticus?

Indications for urgent referral to a specialist in cases of status epilepticus include:

• Failure to respond to initial benzodiazepine treatment, requiring emergency services involvement or expert hospital guidance.
• Failure to respond to second-line intravenous antiseizure medications such as levetiracetam, phenytoin, or sodium valproate, necessitating specialist management.
• Need for third-line treatments like phenobarbital or general anaesthesia, which require expert supervision.
• Presence of underlying causes that may require additional specialist treatment, such as hypoglycaemia, eclampsia, or alcohol withdrawal.
• Concerns about drug-resistant epilepsy or complex epilepsy syndromes that may complicate status epilepticus management.

Urgent referral is essential to ensure timely expert assessment and management, including advanced treatment options and investigation of underlying causes.

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