What are the most effective contraceptive methods available for women with a history of thromboembolic disease?

For women with a history of venous thromboembolic disease, combined hormonal contraception (CHC), which includes the pill, transdermal patch, or vaginal ring, should not be used due to an unacceptable health risk (UKMEC 4) ¹.

The UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC) provides guidance on combined hormonal contraception, progestogen-only contraception, and intrauterine contraception for women with specific medical conditions ¹. While CHC is contraindicated, other hormonal and intrauterine methods of contraception can generally be considered ¹. UKMEC Category 1 indicates no restriction for use, and UKMEC Category 2 means the method can generally be used, with advantages typically outweighing theoretical or proven risks, though more careful follow-up may be required ¹.