What are the differences between cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular de

Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye, which can lead to blurred or hazy vision ⁵.

Glaucoma is a condition that damages the optic nerve, often due to high intraocular pressure, and can lead to progressive vision loss, typically starting with peripheral vision ⁴.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It can manifest in dry or wet forms, leading to blurred or distorted central vision and potentially vision loss ¹,².

Cataracts are primarily treated with surgery to replace the clouded lens ⁵,⁶.

Glaucoma management focuses on lowering intraocular pressure through eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further optic nerve damage ⁴.

AMD management may include lifestyle interventions to slow progression, and for wet AMD, treatments like anti-VEGF injections or laser photocoagulation may be used ¹,².

Cataracts typically cause gradual blurring of vision, difficulty with night vision, and increased sensitivity to glare ⁵.

Glaucoma often presents with no early symptoms, but as it progresses, individuals may experience gradual loss of peripheral vision, tunnel vision, and eventually central vision loss if untreated ⁴.

AMD can cause distorted vision (metamorphopsia), difficulty reading, and a blurred or blind spot in the centre of the visual field ¹,².