MediumCardiologyHeart failure with reduced ejection fractionca-rcpsc-imca-mccqe1
A 72-year-old man with NYHA class III heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF 28%) is on maximally tolerated ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Blood pressure is 112/70 mmHg, K⁺ 4.8 mmol/L, eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m². According to CCS heart failure guidance, which additional medication class is now considered part of standard foundational therapy?