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MediumCardiologyHeart failure with reduced ejection fractionau-racpau-amc

A 65-year-old man presents with progressive shortness of breath, orthopnoea and ankle swelling. Examination reveals bilateral basal crackles, elevated jugular venous pressure and pitting oedema. Echocardiogram shows left ventricular ejection fraction of 30%. Which medication class has the strongest mortality benefit and should be included unless contraindicated?

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