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MediumCardiologyAcute pulmonary oedemaau-amcau-acemau-racp

A 64‑year‑old woman presents to the emergency department with acute shortness of breath, frothy sputum and orthopnoea. She has known ischaemic cardiomyopathy (EF 25%). Her blood pressure is 190/105 mmHg, pulse 118 bpm, respiratory rate 32/min, oxygen saturation 88% on room air. Lung auscultation reveals diffuse crackles to the apices. According to Australian acute heart failure management principles, which treatment combination is most appropriate in the first hour?

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