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HardCardiologyUnstable atrial fibrillationau-amcau-acem

A 72-year-old man with a history of ischaemic cardiomyopathy and permanent atrial fibrillation presents with palpitations, chest discomfort and hypotension (BP 80/45 mmHg). He is pale, clammy and confused. ECG shows atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 180 beats/min. What is the most appropriate immediate management?

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